Michigan Estate Planning Blog

What’s a ‘No Contest’ Clause?

One way to defend a claim is to let your personal representative or trustee defend your choices. A second way is to include a no-contest clause that disinherits all claimants if they lose their challenge or for even filing the challenge in the first place, explains Kiplinger’s recent article entitled, “What Do No-Contest Clauses Have to Do With Undue Influence?”

A no-contest clause can be a powerful deterrent for a beneficiary who believes they are entitled to more than the share provided, if they know that simply filing the challenge will forfeit even that share. However, it isn’t a deterrent for a relative omitted from the estate plan. Ask an experienced estate planning attorney drafting your estate plan to add these typical terms to your document:

To omit all heirs at law not specifically mentioned in the document.

To revoke the share provided for any person seeking:

To claim a share of your estate, to increase their share, or to claim certain assets in your estate;

To invalidate your document or any provision in your document or

To take any part of your estate in a manner not specifically described in the document.

Many no-contest clauses will treat a challenger as having predeceased you (or having predeceased you, leaving no issue), thereby passing their share according to other terms in the document. However, note that some states include a specific direction as to what happens to their forfeited share.

Not all states treat a no-contest clause the same. Some states refuse to enforce them as a matter of public policy, and some strictly construe the no-contest clause because they disfavor any forfeitures. In these states, an overly broad or vague provision may be voided.

Other considerations may weigh against enforcing a no-contest clause, and you should consider these if you want to tailor your no-contest clause or exclude it from your documents:

Allowing a court to determine the fairness of a challenge that may protect your intentions.

Revealing any undue influence that depleted your estate or impacted your decisions if you were wrongly isolated from family or subjected to financial or personal abuse by a caregiver or relative.

Avoid punishing a proper challenge brought in good faith by excluding any petition or suit brought by a person:

Only seeking more information about your estate;

Seeking documentation of expenditures by a caregiver or relative in charge of your finances before you died;

Seeking the court’s interpretation of your last will or trust instruments;

Seeking to deny the probate of a last will drafted and executed under questionable circumstances or

Filing an appearance to question the appointment of the personal representative or the purported state of residence.

Reference: Kiplinger (Sep. 1, 2023) “What Do No-Contest Clauses Have to Do With Undue Influence?”

Should My Kids Get an Equal Inheritance?

Equal inheritances have become less common. According to research, the proportion of parents over 50 who reported treating children unequally in their wills rose from 16% to almost 35% between 1995 and 2010.
The News and Record’s recent article, “When Leaving an Unequal Inheritance Makes Sense,” says that leaving unequal inheritances can be risky. A third of Americans say their financial stability depends on receiving an inheritance, and the stakes can be high for siblings — and their parents.
It may be easier to divide your assets evenly among your beneficiaries. Still, you might feel strongly about helping an adult child who’s struggling or want to leave less to a child you’ve already financially supported. One of the most common reasons people leave unequal inheritances is to address uncompensated caregiving from an adult child. A 2018 Merrill Lynch and Age Wave study found that two-thirds of the respondents said that children who have provided care to them in their later years should receive a larger inheritance than those who didn’t.
When a child has had to compromise their lifestyle to care for a parent — such as giving up a job or working part-time instead of full-time — the parent understands the sacrifice and often wants to favor that child with the inheritance. And the Merrill Lynch and Age Wave study says many parents also feel that children who need the money most should get more. That may mean leaving less to relatively well-off kids.
While unequal inheritances are frequently designed to reward children for their help or to ensure kids are left in the best financial condition possible, fights can flare up if one sibling feels that another sibling didn’t “earn” the extra inheritance. Here are a few things that may help reduce any friction:
1. Explain your wishes. Explain what you’ve decided to leave your heirs and why before it’s too late. Include an estate planning attorney to be sure everyone understands the tax implications and liabilities associated with the assets.
2. Add a deterrent. Despite your explanation, your heirs may still not agree with your choices and decide to contest the will in probate court. You can discourage this by adding a no-contest clause stipulating, for instance, that anyone who contests the will and loses forfeits the right to any inheritance.
3. Invest in meaningful relationships. Financial need can certainly motivate a person to contest a parent’s will in court. However, emotional baggage can also have an effect. Sibling resentments can surface at the end of a parent’s life, and a larger inheritance may look like a preference for a “favored” child. The more secure children feel in their relationships with their parents, the more likely they will accept the decision to leave an unequal inheritance.
Reference: News and Record (April 13, 2023) “When Leaving an Unequal Inheritance Makes Sense”

What Is Probate Court?

Probate court is a part of the court system that oversees the execution of wills, as well as the handling of estates, conservatorships and guardianships. This court also is responsible for the commitment of a person with psychiatric disabilities to institutions designed to help them.

Investopedia’s recent article entitled “What Is Probate Court?” also explains that the probate court makes sure all debts owed are paid and that assets are distributed properly. The court oversees and usually must approve the actions of the executor appointed to handle these matters. If a will is contested, the probate court is responsible for ruling on the authenticity of the document and the cognitive stability of the person who signed it. If no will exists, the court also decides who receives the decedent's assets, based on the laws of the state.

Each state has rules for probate and probate courts. Some states use the term “surrogate’s court”, “orphan’s court”, or “chancery court.”

Probate is usually required for property titled only in the name of the person who passes away. For example, this might include a family home that was owned jointly by a married couple after the surviving spouse dies. However, there are assets that don't require probate.

Here are some of the assets that don't need to be probated:
IRA or 401(k) retirement accounts with designated beneficiaries
Life insurance policies with designated beneficiaries
Pension plan distributions
Living trust assets
Payable-on-death (POD) bank account funds
Transfer-on-death (TOD) assets
Wages, salary, or commissions owed to the deceased (up to allowable limit)
Vehicles intended for immediate family (under state law); and
Household goods and other items intended for immediate family (under state law).

Investopedia (Sep. 21, 2022) “What Is Probate Court?”

How Do I Give Assets to Minor Grandchildren in My Will?

 

If a married couple is creating its estate plan, then how does the couple leave the estate to non-adult grandchildren?
However, what if something were to happen to them before the grandchildren become adults? Can this couple make sure the minor grandchildren do not get control of any inheritance until they’re adults?
Can arrangements be made for any unborn grandchildren to be included?
Nj.com’s recent article entitled “How can I leave my money to my minor grandchildren when I die?” says that one way to solve these issues is to create a testamentary trust to provide for young beneficiaries whether they’re children, grandchildren, step-children, or unrelated beneficiaries. The terms of a testamentary trust are in your will. It is only established and funded after you pass away.
The terms of the trust generally provide instructions to the trustee about the ages at which distributions must be made, if any. These instructions also allow the trustee to make discretionary distributions of income and principal to the beneficiaries.
Beneficiaries do not need to be identified by name or need to be born at the time the will is written. However, they must be able to be identified upon your death. As a result, you can provide a bequest to all of your grandchildren, whether or not they are born yet.
It doesn’t matter where your grandchildren live as far as estate planning is concerned. However, if they live outside the United States and the bequest is considerable, the laws of their home country should be addressed. This is because a big gift may cause adverse tax implications to the recipient.
For children, some states’ laws allow you to add a term in your will that penalizes any interested person — like an heir or beneficiary — for contesting the will.
However, if there’s probable cause initiating a proceeding concerning the estate, then the clause will not be enforced.
When a person names another as primary beneficiary, they should also name one or more contingent beneficiaries, so that if the first person predeceases him or her, they will not have to revise the will.
If you do not designate a contingent beneficiary, and an heir predeceases, the assets pass according to the state’s intestacy statute rather than according to the will.
Reference: nj.com (Dec. 9, 2021) “How can I leave my money to my minor grandchildren when I die?”

What Exactly Is a Trust?

MSN Money’s recent article entitled “What is a trust?” explains that many people create trusts to minimize issues and costs for their families or to create a legacy of charitable giving. Trusts can be used in conjunction with a last will to instruct where your assets should go after you die. However, trusts offer several great estate planning benefits that you don’t get in a last will, like letting your heirs to see a relatively speedy conclusion to settling your estate.
Working with an experienced estate planning attorney, you can create a trust to minimize taxes, protect assets and spare your family from going through the lengthy probate process to divide up your assets after you pass away. A trust can also let you control to whom your assets will be disbursed, as well as how the money will be paid out. That’s a major point if the beneficiary is a child or a family member who doesn’t have the ability to handle money wisely. You can name a trustee to execute your wishes stated in the trust document. When you draft a trust, you can:
Say where your assets go and when your beneficiaries have access to them
Save your beneficiaries from paying estate taxes and court fees
Shield your assets from your beneficiaries’ creditors or from loss through divorce settlements
Instruct where your remaining assets should go if a beneficiary dies, which can be helpful in a family that includes second marriages and stepchildren; and
Avoid a long probate court process.
One of the most common trusts is called a living or revocable trust, which lets you put assets in a trust while you’re alive. The control of the trust is transferred after you die to beneficiaries that you named. You might want to ask an experienced estate planning attorney about creating a living trust for several reasons, such as:
If you’d like someone else to take on the management responsibilities for some or all of your property
If you have a business and want to be certain that it operates smoothly with no interruption of income flow, if you die or become disabled
If you want to shield assets from the incompetency or incapacity of yourself or your beneficiaries; or
If you want to decrease the chances that your will may be contested.
A living trust can be a smart move for those with even relatively modest estates. The downside is that while a revocable trust will usually keep your assets out of probate if you were to die, there still will be estate taxes if you hit the threshold.
By contrast, an irrevocable trust can’t be changed once it’s been created. You also relinquish control of the assets you put into the trust. However, an irrevocable trust has a key advantage in that it can protect beneficiaries from probate and estate taxes.
In addition, there are many types of specialty trusts you can create. Each is structured to accomplish different goals. Ask an experienced estate planning attorney about these.
Reference: MSN Money (July 9, 2021) “What is a trust?”

Deathbed Wills: Are They Any Good?

There is an interesting case being heard in Sacramento probate courts. A man named Joseph Herb O’Brien was dying in a hospital room. For a long time he had an estate plan that left his entire estate in a trust, the sole beneficiary of which was his stepson. The stepson had a long history of legal problems. Shortly before O'Brien passed away, he dictated a new will to two friends. This new will left the vast majority of the estate to one of those friends instead of the stepson. The Sacramento Bee has the full story of what is alleged to have happened in an article titled “Final wishes of a ‘good man’ or deathbed fraud? Judge to rule in probate case.” It is a good read that explains all of the minute details of the case. Basically, the judge has to decide whether O'Brien was competent to change his will at that time or whether his friends coerced him into changing it for their own gain. One thing of particular interest is the fact that it appears O'Brien had considered changing his estate plan on several occasions. The trustee had even threatened to resign on at least three separate occasions if O'Brien left the stepson as the beneficiary of the trust. However, O'Brien never did make the changes. It is not clear whether he wanted to or not. If he did, then the mistake he might have made was to wait too long. If you want to change your estate plan, do not make the same mistake. Get it done while there is still time. Do not rely on a deathbed will. A judge may rule against what you would have wanted.

Reference: Sacramento Bee (July
13, 2014) “Final wishes of a ‘good man’ or deathbed
fraud? Judge to rule in probate case

For nmore informaton, see www.jerryreiflawyer.com

Why Do We Know So Much About Lou Reed's Estate?

When most people die there is not much interest in the details of their estates. However, when a celebrity passes away, reporters are keen to find out how much money the celebrity had and how it will be distributed. Recently, the New York Post has had story after story about the specific details of Lou Reed's estate plan. We know how much he had when he passed away. We know how much money his intellectual property interests have earned for his estate since he passed away. We also know how much money each of Reed's heirs will receive. The New York Post is not getting this information because their reporters are doing investigative journalism and figuring it out. As Forbes points out, in an article titled “Lou Reed Walked on the Wild Side With His Estate Planning,” we know what we know about Lou Reed's estate because his entire estate plan consisted of a single will. That will had to be submitted to a public probate process, which allows reporters to gain access to the details. If Reed had used a different estate planning tool, such as a Revocable Living Trust, it would be much more difficult for reporters to find out the details. You might not care whether your estate is made public after you pass away, since you will not be around to deal with any consequences. However, you should consider whether your heirs would want other people to know exactly how much they inherited. It might violate their privacy.

Reference: Forbes (July 10, 2014)  “Lou Reed Walked on the Wild Side With His Estate Planning”

For m ore information, see www.jerryreiflawyer.com

Heirs vs. Wills: Avoid Conflict With A No-Contest Clause

When you draft a will you are drafting an estate plan for your assets, your intentions, and your hopes and dreams for your loved ones. You do not undertake the process of creating your will lightly and you follow through because it is important. Because your estate plan is important, it is worth protecting it from attack after you are gone. Consider a common predicament: you are drafting a will and know that if it is challenged by a spurned heir or for anyone for any reason, it will end up potentially ruined on the shoals of probate for all to see. What can you do? This is a common predicament. Fortunately, a well-drafted will in many states can include a powerful tool such as a No-Contest Clause. Recently, ElderLawAnswers considered this approach in an “answer” titled “Using a No-Contest Clause to Prevent Heirs from Challenging a Will or Trust.” Essentially, this clause means that any heir who challenges the will in question is immediately disqualified from any inheritance from it. The clause is most effective when a would-be challenger is set to receive something under the will. Consequently, this party is forced into a cost-benefit analysis regarding his or her contemplated challenge. Like anything legal, however, the clause must be carefully conceived and deployed to work as intended. As a rule of thumb, there are always more powerful estate planning tools available if you need them. Nevertheless, for most people planning their estates, a well-drafted will is the heart of those plans. Be sure that your will does the work it needs to do.

Reference: ElderLawAnswers (February 25, 2014) “Using a No-Contest Clause to Prevent Heirs from Challenging a Will or Trust”

For more information, see www.jerryreiflawyer.com

 

Proper Planning to Avoid Will Disputes Saginaw Michigan

Will disputes can be very messy, and oftentimes can delay important wishes laid out by the deceased. Take for example the case of the late Sherman Hemsley, as reported in a recent Forbes article titled “Court Ruling Finally Allows Body of Late Jefferson Star To ‘Move On Up’.” Hemsley’s remains rested on ice for three and a half months before he was finally put to rest. Hemsley’s story is a troubling one, perhaps even more so because his estate was valued at only around $50,000. Sherman Hemsley, who played George Jefferson on the hit TV comedy “The Jeffersons,” didn’t have any real family, but he did have a close friend and business manager in Flora Enchiton whom he named in the will he drafted a mere six weeks before his passing. When a long-lost half-brother showed up to dispute the validity of Hemsley’s will and claim his right to direct the burial, the ensuing fight became both ugly and very public. In the end, Hemsley’s will prevailed, but not without a long fight. Teaching points: 1. Even estates of relatively small value can bring out the worst in your relatives. 2. Proper estate planning can help ensure your wishes are carried out after your passing, even if some would choose to violate them. 3. Don’t procrastinate. The fact that Hemsley’s will was written a mere six weeks before his death did complicate matters. Had the will been signed long ago, before Hemsley was sick, it’s unlikely that the case would have taken so long to resolve. This is another tough lesson on the importance of timely estate planning. Be sure to contact your estate attorney on a regular basis to ensure proper plans are made.

Reference: Forbes
(November 12, 2012) “Court Ruling Finally Allows Body of Late
Jefferson Star To ‘Move On Up’”

For more information see www.jerryreiflawyer.com